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Biodiesel
What is Biodiesel?
Biodiesel is a potentially clean fuel with numerous benefits. It earns a strong score in reducing carbon emissions and consequently mitigating global climate change. Compared to conventional diesel fuel, this type of fuel performs better in reducing toxic pollutants.
This fuel can be compatible with current diesel engine manufacturing technology, although it requires minor engine modifications. It is also compatible with existing fuel storage and distribution systems, and its energy density is acceptable.
In recent decades, due to the limitations and depletion of fossil fuel resources, environmental concerns, and the growing importance of energy, extensive research has been conducted in some countries to develop suitable alternative fuel sources.
Key Advantages of Biodiesel Compared to Diesel Fuel:
- Oxygen Content:
Diesel fuel contains zero oxygen, whereas biodiesel contains about 10–12% oxygen by weight. This reduces energy density and lowers particulate matter emissions. - Low Sulfur Content:
Biodiesel contains a maximum of 10 ppm sulfur. Its pollution level is significantly lower than European diesel, which has at least 10 ppm sulfur, and far lower compared to Iranian diesel, which typically contains more than 500 ppm sulfur. Sulfur in the fuel converts into sulfur oxides in the exhaust system and subsequently into sulfuric acid. - No Aromatic Compounds:
Diesel fuel usually contains 20–40% aromatic compounds that increase pollutant emissions, whereas biodiesel is essentially free of aromatics. - Double Bonds for Easier Oxidation:
Diesel fuel contains no olefinic double bonds, while biodiesel contains a considerable number of unsaturated double bonds that allow easier and more complete oxidation in air.
As a result, using biodiesel in a diesel engine significantly reduces unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter, thereby lowering the carbon share in particulates. Reduced odor and soot are additional advantages of biodiesel. - Lower Global Warming Potential:
The contribution to global warming from biodiesel usage is far lower than that of conventional diesel fuel. - Lower Carbon Dioxide Emissions:
Studies show that for every kilogram of biodiesel consumed, three kilograms less carbon dioxide are produced. Therefore, CO₂ emissions are 65–90% lower than those of regular diesel.
Burning biodiesel produces minimal toxic substances such as sulfur and lead, and carbon oxides are significantly reduced. The exhaust smells similar to vegetable oils. Its high flash point (120–130°C) makes it safer than fossil fuels. - Biodegradability:
Compared to regular diesel, biodiesel breaks down very quickly through biological processes and is fully biodegradable.
About 99% of biodiesel is decomposed by microorganisms in soil or water within 28 days.
- Improved Engine Lubrication:
Biodiesel increases engine lubrication, which reduces long-term maintenance costs. It removes biochemical residues from various engine components and increases the fuel’s cetane number—another advantage over conventional diesel fuels.